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Concept

C4 carbon fixation

A cross-section illustration depicts the C4 carbon fixation process, showing concentric layers with leaves and carbon dioxide molecules surrounding a central plant structure to enhance photosynthesis efficiency.

An advanced photosynthetic adaptation that physically separates light capture from carbon fixation. By concentrating carbon dioxide around RuBisCO, plants like maize and sugarcane suppress wasteful photorespiration, allowing them to thrive in hot, arid environments.

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