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Concept

Peano arithmetic

The image depicts a circular diagram with numbered points and arrows, representing elements of Peano arithmetic, specifically the concept of the natural numbers and their operations.

The standard first-order axiomatisation of the natural numbers, formulated by Giuseppe Peano in 1889. Its axioms describe zero, the successor function, addition, multiplication, and induction. Strong enough to express almost all elementary number theory, it is also strong enough to fall under Gödel's incompleteness theorems — there are arithmetical truths it cannot prove.

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